Foreign Policy 1920's and 30's, 1939- 1945 World War II 

1. U.S. refuses to cancel World War I European debts. (relates to European boycott of 
    U.S. agriculture and the Fordney-McCumber Tariff)

2. Allies use increasing German War reparations to pay debts to the U.S. Germany falls
    behind, then deflates the Mark. 

3. Inflation hurts Weimar Republic. (1919 - 1933)

4. 1924 U.S. Dawes plan eases debt burden and provides loans to Germany.
 
5. Triangle of money flows. 

6. Recession brings end to triangle, 1929 Hoover Moratorium on debts

7. Allied debt default hardens the isolationist spirit in America. 

8. American isolationism mixed with guilt over feeling the obligation to support 
    image of favoring disarmament and collective security. 

9. Washington Naval Conference 1922 - Five Power Treaty 5-5-3-1.67-1.67, Brit, U.S., 
    Japan, FR, Italy (four power and nine power agreements- Open Door 
    maintenance with territorial claims recognition) 1930 London Naval conference
    attempted tonnage reductions to small ships -failed

10.  Ship tonnage reduced and increased, 1920s events (Kellogg-Briand Pact, 
      Japanese increases) reviewed after 1945 during Cold War as a mistake.

11. Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928, 62 nations. 

12. Promotion of hemisphere security in late 20's and early 30's an effort to patch up 
     relations with Latin America (Dollar Diplomacy) and prevent Latin-American drift 
     to fascism. 

13. Clark Memorandum - Dec. 1928 renounces Roosevelt Corollary

14. Good Neighbor Policy (FDR) 1933, C. Hull Montevideo, Pan-American Conference. 

15. Recognition of USSSR - 1933 -two reasons

16. 1934 Renunciation of Platt Amendment over Cuba, Tyding-McDuffee Act Philippines

17. 1933 London Economic Conference -desire to stabilize currency,  FDR refuses, 
     Plans to devalue the dollar. (Bretton-Woods 1944)

18. 1934 Reciprocal trade Agreements -Executive authority to set tariffs or free trade

19.  Worldwide depression corresponds to the Rise of fascist tyrannical aggressors 

20. Germany, Japan, Italy (later become the Axis powers )

21. 1922 Italy, Benito Mussolini Il Duce -March on Rome

22. Invasions of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie 1935 League Sanctions , 1938 Albania. 

23. 1936 Rome-Berlin Axis established (1939 Japan added) . 

24  Japan - Military intimidation of civilian political leadership from 1929-31, 1931  
      Mukden incident, Japanese invasion of Manchuria, Manchukuo established,
     League of Nations- Lytton Commission condemnation , 1933 Japan leaves the
     League, 1934 renounces five-power treaty limits 

25. Stimson Doctrine 1932 (Secretary of State) Open Door vs. isolationism 

26. Proto-fascist samurai traditions revived overwhelms parliamentary democracy with 
     nationalistic appeals -  military-industrial complex, later will lead to the Greater East 
     Asia Co-prosperity Plan 

27. 1937 Panay attacked in China - U.S. reaction

28. 1937 Marco Polo Bridge; Japan invades China. WWII begins in Asia

29. Germany - failure of Weimar Republic, inflation, quashed pride after war.

30. Adolph Hitler, Nazi party, 1919,  mimics Mussolini's Fascist party.
     (define Fascism as political ideology) 

31. Munich Beer Hall Putsch 1923 Bavaria, Mein Kampf

32.  Depression, gives Nazi gains in 1932 elections, 1933 Hitler made Chancellor.

33. Steady erosion of civil liberties and democracy one-party dictatorship, state 
     planned economic and military build up, anti-Semitism, lebensraum.
 
34. Violates Versailles -military build-up , Rhineland militarized 1936

35. French, British and American passivity encourages fascist aggression

36. U.S. Isolationism 1920’s and 1930’s 
a) WWI disillusionment, debt and League failures
b) 1934 Nye Committee findings - “merchants of death”
c) G. Washington - isolationism, neutrality
d) economic depression

37. 1935-37 Neutrality Acts. (three separate laws - see parts)

38. Chicago Quarantine Speech 1938 (following Austria Anschluss) public reaction

39. 1936-39 Spanish Civil War. - Franco, fascist support. 

40. Loyalist, U.S.S.R., and Lincoln Brigade. 

41. Franco wins, Soviet fears of Western Democratic passivity. 

42. 1940 FDR Four Freedoms Speech

43. March 1938, Austria forced into Anschluss. (German self-determination). 

44. September 1938, Sudetenland demanded (German self-determination). 

45. Munich Conference and Pact. N. Chamberlain, Mussolini, Hitler, Daladier, "Peace in
      our time, " appeasement. (later argument for cold war fears of peace negotiations)

46. March 1939, rest of Czechoslovakia  annexed.

47. Demands on Poland Danzig (Gdansk) Polish Corridor (German self-determination). 

48. British and French warnings if Poland attacked

49. August 1939, Nazi-Soviet Pact.  Molotov-Ribbentrop - secret agreement
     Popular front Leftist confused or embarrassed apologists

50. September 1, 1939, Blitzkrieg attack on Poland; Britain and France declare war 
     September 3rd.

51. Neutrality acts amended 1939 - cash and carry basis
 
52.  Germany hesitates after Poland for six months -sitzkrieg, Allies false hope.

53 April 1940, German invasion of Denmark and Norway; May 1940, Holland,
     Belgium, Luxembourg.

54. May 10, Dunkirk evacuation. Churchill replaces Chamberlain. 

55.Maginot Line avoided by Germany - June 22, Paris falls; neutral government set up
    At Vichy, France; H. P. Petain. 

56.Vichy vs. Free French - Degaulle. Casablanca Movie,  Maquis (Star Trek)

57. Battle of Britain 1940, UK stands alone against Germany.
 
58. September 1940, first peacetime draft.  Myth of lack of preparedness 

59. September 1940, “destroyers for bases deal” British treasury depleted

60. November Four freedoms Speech - N. Rockwell paintings

61. America First Committee stands for isolationism, mix of both conservative and
      radicals; N. Thomas, R. Taft, Lindbergh anti-Semitic proto-fascist elements exert
      Influence, eventually drive out leftists.
 
62. Struggle between isolationists and internationalists in Congress. 

63. 1940 election, FDR vs. Wendell Wilkie.
 
64. March 1941, Lend-Lease, Britain, U.S.S.R., and China.- Analogy of hose and fire. 

65. “Merchants of death” become the "Arsenal of Democracy." Economic impact

66. June 22, 1941, Germany invades U.S.S.R. three reasons.

67. September 1940, Japan occupies Northern  Indochina to cut off (secret US) aid to
     China, American, loans to China also (both in violation of the neutrality Acts). 

68. U.S. embargo on petroleum, scrap metal, airplane fuel to Japan.  

69. July 1941, Japan takes all of Indochina,  Vichy permission (no choice). 
      Anti-Japanese resistance in Vietnam - Viet Minh led by Ho chi Minh 

70. U.S. freeze Japanese bank assets. 

71. Impasse between Japan and U.S. over occupation of China and restricted trade to
     Japan. Strained diplomatic relations summer and Fall 1941 

72. Japan contemplates taking over Dutch East Indies oil reserves. Confrontation with 
     British and US interests ultimately to come.
 
73. December 7, 1941, Pearl Harbor. US awareness and preparedness? Conspiracy?

74. Congress declares war December 8, "a date...live in infamy." 

75. December 11, German and Italian declaration of war on U.S. 

76. FDR fears Germany over Japan, Plans for Atlantic theatre first, crucial to keep
      the Soviets in the war.  (WWI Brest-Litovsk)

77. To facilitate transition to a wartime economy, WPB, OWM, OPA food, gas 
      rationing, black market, liberty gardens.

78. Women in factories, "Rosie the Riveteer" impact later when men return.

79. Plight of Japanese-Americans, African-Americans, Native-Americans and Mexicans
      (Bracero Program -Zoot Suit Riot 1942) 

80. Japanese-Americans - concentration camps (contrast to Germany), 442nd , 
     Korematsu vs. U.S. 1945

81. Asa Phillip Randolph threatened march on Washington 1941, FDR Executive order
     to desegregate Defense plants

82. Wind talkers - Native -Americans (Navajo) 

83. Price controls stop inflation (unlike WWI). 

84. 1944 election held, FDR vs. T. Dewey, Truman replaces Wallace. 

85. FDR death, April 12, 1945.  Truman informed of A-Bomb

86. Europe first plan causes the Philippines to fall to Japan, MacArthur evacuated
      January 1942.  Corrigedor falls May, Bataan Death March. 

87. MacArthur made SCAP “island hopping plan“,  "I shall return."

88 Battles of Coral Sea April-May  1942 and Midway June 1942 carrier war stops and 
     turns pacific tide. 

89. Debate over opening a western front, desired by the Soviets, FDR desired it in
     France 1942. Churchill desired North Africa to stop Rommel's drive to the Suez 
     Canal and oil fields. 

90. North Africa chosen to get some victory, Stalin suspicious, Eisenhower given
      command. Later made SCAP Western Europe 1943-45

91. November 1942 El Alamein Br. Victory, May 1943, German defeat Tunisia. 

92. Next debate over cross-channel front in 1943, Churchill prefers Sicily, Italy, “soft 
     Underbelly“. Compromise with FDR results in Ike becoming SCAP Europe.

93. Sicily, July 1943, September Italy surrenders, Germans fill in Northern Italy. 

94. Soviet suspicions grow, German advance to Stalingrad and Moscow, “scorched earth 
      Policy“ early 1943 Soviet counteroffensive, 20 million Soviets dead in WWII. 

95. 1942-44 operation Bolero, massive supply build-up in Britain.  

96. June 6, 1944, Cp. Overlord, D-Day invasion, Normandy France. 

97. Heavy bombing over Germany, Dresden, Nuremberg, Berlin.
 
98. Paris freed August 1944, last German offensive Battle of the Bulge, Belgium and  
     Bastogne, Germany. A. McAullife “nuts”

99. Soviets cross East Europe, meet Allies at Elbe River, Ike lets Soviets take Berlin 
     May 1945.
 
100. Hitler suicide(4/30), May 8, VE Day.

101. Pacific campaign leads to the Philippines, Leyte Gulf, November 1944.

102. Iwo Jima, Okinawa, February-June, 1945. Massive death toll for Japan and
       kamikazes suggests high losses if America invades Japan. 

103. Motives behind use of A-bomb - death rate of invasion, public desire for rapid end,
       Military experimentation, intimidate soviets & gain cold war advantage. (blockade)

104.Hiroshima, Nagasaki, August 6th, 9th, 1945.

105. August 14, September 2, 1945, Japan surrenders, USS Missouri. 

106. Conferences -Atlantic Charter August 1941, Casablanca January 1943, Teheran, 
       November 1943, Yalta, February 1945, Potsdam July 1945. 

107. Japanese-American internment 442nd Regimental Battalion.

108. African-Americans, A. P. Randolph, (Pullman Porters Union) 1941 plan of March on
       Washington, FDR Executive order - defense plant desegregation, segregated
       military units (Truman desegregation order 1948)

109. Rosie the Riviteer, unemployment after the war, WAC’s, WAVES’s, SPARS, (BAMS) 

110. Navajo translators 

111. Bracero Program, Zoot Suit Riot 1942

112. United Nations, Dumbarton Oaks, Wash., D.C. 1944, SF, April 12, 1945.

113. General Assembly, Secretariat, Security Council, Int. Ct. Just.

114. Serviceman’ Readjustment’s  Act (GI bill of rights) 1944

115.MacArthur, occupation of Japan till 1951

116. 1947 National Security Act, Department of Defense, CIA, Air Force, JCS. 

117. Taft-Hartley Act, (MLRA) 1947 outlawed closed shops, Union shop replace 60 
        day cool-off, anti-Communist (labor leaders). 

118. Occupation of Germany, zones, war crime trials, Nuremberg. 

119. Churchill "Iron Curtain" speech, Fulton, Missouri, March 1946.

120. Outbreak of cold war between the U.S. and U.S.S.R., origins from prewar and war
       policy, ideology. 

121 Greek-Turkish Aid Bill, Truman Doctrine 1947. 

122. Marshall Plan ERP, 1948. 

123. Berlin Blockade, June 1948, airlift. 

124. 1949 West Germany (FDR) created West and East Germany (DRG) surrogates. 

125 1949 NATO and Warsaw Pact begin.

126. Korea North and South occupations 38th parallel

127. 1948 election, Truman unpopular, H. A. Wallace, Progressive, Strom Thurmond, 
       States Rights Party; "Dixiecrats" reaction to Fair Deal civil rights plank. 

128. Republicans Tom Dewey "had enough." 

129. Truman calls special session to get social legislation, (Fair Deal) runs against the
        "do nothing" 80th Congress, whistle stop tour. Victory of New Deal coalition. 
130. Truman 1948 executive order - desegregation of the U.S. Military,
        Jackie Robinson 1947 Brooklyn Dodgers

131. Taunts of Democrats of "Soft on communism" slurs leads to Atty. General list, 
        loyalty oaths,. HUAC investigations, educators, entertainment, “Hollywood 10“ 

132. 1947-48 Alger Hiss, Whittaker, Chambers-Pumpkin papers, perjury, Richard Nixon 
        exploits Hiss affair.

133. 1949 Soviet A-bomb, Klaus Fuchs.

134. Julius and ethyl  Rosenberg’s 1950, executed 1953. 

135. Joseph R. McCarthy, red witch hunts, accusations, demagoguery terrorized 
       free speech, finally censured by the Senate 1954.

136.Chinese civil war 1945-49, Mao Tse Tung sets up PRC, Chiang K‘ai Shek-Taiwan

137. June 1950, North Korea invades South, U.S. and UN troops support South 
       Soviet - boycott of UN - China. 

138. Pusan, MacArthur, Inchon, 38th parallel, Yalu River, Chinese. 

139. MacArthur disputes with Truman, dismissed.

140. 1953, Panmunjom, Eisenhower election influence. 

141. 1952 and 56 elections Eisenhower, Republican, vs. A. Stevenson, Democrat; VP 
       Nixon, Checkers speech, Sparkman, Kefauver

142. 1957 Sputnik, impact on U.S. education funding

143. Social cultural impact of the 1950‘s - conformity, suburbia - Levitown, 
       Baby-boomers 

144. Role of women in the domestic sphere, upsurge of religion- B Graham, B, Sheen

145. Man in the Grey Flannel suit, the Lonely Crowd, The Power of Positive thinking,
      How to Win Friends and Influence People, The Affluent Society, B Spock,
      the Commonsense Book of Baby and child Care, other authors and artists and
      movements of the 1950‘s Hopper, Pollack, Abstract Expressionism (1960’s Warhol)

146. Beatnik movement, Kerouac, Ginsberg, Ferlinghetti 

147. The Interstate highway act 1956 (Unsafe at any Speed 1966 R. Nadar)

148. 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education "with all deliberate speed," Earl Warren court
       appointed 1953. (see other cases of the 1960’s) - Baker v. Carr 1962,  Gideon V. 
       Wainwright 1963, Griswold v. Conn. 1965, Miranda v. AZ 1966

149. December 1955, Montgomery Bus boycott, Rosa Parks, M. L. King Jr. 
 
150. 1957, Central High, Little Rock, AR, Orville Faubus, National Guard, Eisenhower 

151. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles- Roll back, brinkmanship, massive retaliation

152. 1948 creation of Israel, stems from 1917 Balfour declaration, WWI zionism,
        Arab-Israeli wars; 1948, 1956, 1967, 1973.

153. 1952, Nasser replaces Farouk, Aswan High Dam, loans, both sides Czech arms deal 
       causes U.S. to cancel loan offer; Soviets also. Nationalization of Suez Canal, 
       1956 Israeli, Britain, France invade

154. Indochina, 1945 French reassume colonial rule, resistance from Ho Chi Minh, Viet 
       Minh, 1954 Dienbienphu, Geneva accord Laos, Cambodia, North & South Vietnam, 
       elections for 1956 refused by Ngo Dinh Diem and U.S. 

155. Resumed guerrilla war in South, Viet Cong, steady U.S. support. 

156. Ho's nationalism overshadowed by Marxism and rise of PRC in 1949, monolithic 
      Communism. 

157. Eisenhower-Domino Theory, ANZUS, SEATO, Baghdad pact.

148. 1953 Death of Stalin, Khrushchev denounces Stalin

149. Hungarian uprising 1956, U.S. role and retreat

149. Gary Powers U2 flight 1960, traded for Rudolph Abel, summit.