U.S. History AP 1960 - 1973

1. 1960 election, Nixon, JFK, LBJ, Catholicism, TV debate, Chicago R. Daley

2. 43 years old, New Frontier, "Ask not what your country...", renewed hope for youth,
    Peace Corp.	

3. 1961 23rd Amendment, DC vote.

4. 1961 Y. Gagarin USSR, A. Shepherd, 1962 J. Glenn. JFK Space race goal

5. July 20, 1969 N. Armstrong.

6. Greensboro Woolworth's N.C., sit-in 1960, 	movement spreads across the South 

7. May 1961 Freedom Riders Washington D.C. to New .Orleans, attacked in Alabama

8. James. Meredith 1962, Univ. of Miss. 1963, 	Wallace, U. of Alabama, federalized 
    troops dispatched both times to protect students from state governments.

9. Voter registration SNCC “Freedom Summer” 1964

10. April 1963 MLK Jr. seeks desegregation in Birmingham, Alabama, and E. Bull
     Connors, attack dogs, fire hoses, “Letter from a Birmingham jail”

11. JFK proposes civil rights legislation

11. August 1963 Poor People’s March on Washington, B. Rustin, AP Randolph, 
      MLK "I have a Dream." Speech, leads to 1964 Civil Rights Act  

12. November 22, 1963 JFK assassinated, Oswald, J. Ruby, Warren Commission

13. LBJ first president from the South since Wilson, LBJ used experience as former
     Senate Majority leader to guide social legislation and civil rights

14. "Great Society" - civil rights, tax cuts, Federal aid to education, medicine, war on
      poverty.

15. Social spending, Vietnam War costs, and low taxes fueled deficits.

16. 1964 presidential election Democrat LBJ and Hubert H. Humphrey, Republicans 
       choose B. Goldwater over Nelson Rockefeller, conservative over liberal.

17. Goldwater alludes to privatizing Social Security and use H-bombs in Vietnam.

18. LBJ victory 486 electoral votes to 43, largest popular vote victory until 1972.

19. Following LBJ victory, federal  aid to education, Medicare, Medicaid, HUD, NEA, 
      NEH, Water Quality Act, Immigration Act of 1965, reversed racial quotas set in
      1920s, new quotas and requirements.

20. Ralph Nadar Unsafe at any Speed 1965, Rachel Carson Silent Spring 1962

21. 1967 25th Amendment, why?

22. 1964 Civil Rights Act -- see details. January 1964 24th Amendment. Freedom 
      Summer Miss. Voter registration. Murder of three voter workers, two whites
      “Philadelphia Burning, conviction 2005

23. March 1964,  MLK, Selma, Alabama. March of  65 miles to Montgomery for voter   
      registration.

24. Voting Rights Act 1965 see details
 
25. 1967 T. Marshall -- first African American  Supreme  Court judge

26. Urban riots 1964-68, Watts LA 1965, Detroit summer 1967, Soviet response.

27. April 4, 1968 MLK assassinated - James  Earl Ray, Memphis; garbage strike leads  
      to riots in	over 100 cities.

28. 1966 Oakland, California, Black Panthers H. P. Newton, B. Seale, E. Cleaver,
       Soul on Ice. urban revolutionaries. 

29. SNCC spits over nonviolence - H. Rap Brown , Stokely Carmichael

30.. Elijah  Muhammad, Nation of Islam, Black Muslim identity over slave Christian past
        Malcolm X  assassinated 1965.

31. Supreme Court 1960s E. Warren. Cases of civil rights, rights of the accused 
      and redistricting (gerrymandering)

      1954 Brown v. Board, 1962 Baker v. Carr, 1961 Mapp v. Ohio. 1963 Gideon v. 
       Wainright, 1966 Miranda v. Az, 1965 Griswold v. Conn., 
 
32. JFK and LBJ held cold war view of monolithic world communism.  sensitive to "soft 
      on Commies" label attached to Democrats rather than a view of unique nationalism 
      and regionalism and anti-colonialism

33.  Aid to Third World nations to counter Marxist influence -  Agency for Independent 
       Development,  Peace Corp, ( at VISTA)

34. Latin America, need to offset bad relations from early 20th century. 

35. Alliance for Progress, OAS, why new focus -Fidel Castro 1959 overthrows 
      Fulgencia Batista, Cuba, seeks close ties with U.S.S.R., nationalization.

36.  CIA plan of Bay of Pigs, April 17, 1961, E. H. Hunt, fails, embarrassment for JFK, 
        Novice, emboldens Khruschev to defend Castro and press cold war linkage

37.  June 1961 cold encounter between JFK and Khruschev over Berlin.

38.  August 13, 1961 Berlin Wall built to prevent refugee brain drain.

39. After Bay of Pigs, Castro seeks Soviet aid, missiles secretly placed, discovered by 
      U2 flight October 14, 1962 

40. JFK avoids land or air strike, uses quarantine (blockade) negotiations through John
      Scali with Soviet ambassador indirectly with Khruschev, Turkish missiles removal   
      Trade-off delayed of three  months.

41. Khruschev thrashed by Chinese, replaced by Bhrezhnev 1964.

42. 1956-63 Ngo Dinh Diem losing control of South Vietnam, bandits, Buddhists, Viet 
      Cong, NLF aid from Ho Chi Minh from North Vietnam.

43. Despite Diem's undemocratic rule , US supports him as a check to a Domino threat 
      and not giving in to appeasement (Munich and the monolithic threat).

44. 1960-62 900-11,000 "advisors" sent, linkage to Cuba and Berlin.

45. Diem overthrown and killed, JFK approval?  JFK plans to extricate?

46. LBJ, furthers support of So. Vietnam but makes claim-"American and Asian boys."

47. August 1964 Tonkin Gulf Affair and resolution , false pretext and election politics.

48. March 1965 U.S. troops arrive in Danang in South Vietnam to counter NVM aid
     down Ho Chi Minh Trail, Cambodia. “Operation Rolling Thunder” bombing campaign

49. 1965-68 stalemate of limited political  war without fronts. “winning Hearts and 
       minds” “strategic Hamlet” campaign
 
50. U.S. troops replacing  ARVN. (South Vietnamese) that lacked resolve

52. Lack of victory causes protest from left and right (mostly left). 

53. debates over limited war (police actions) and whether the US should be taking 
       sides in a civil war, regional  uniquities vs. resisting Monolithic Communism, self 
       defense vs. world hegemony  

54. Westmoreland Claims "light at the end of the tunnel" with 536,000 U.S. troops
      involved.

55. Tet invasion January 31-March 1968; Lunar New Year 26 cities taken, U.S.
      Embassy in Saigon 6 hours.

56. Military defeat for Viet Cong but surprises and exhausts the resolve of the American
      public; media blamed for bad coverage. - five o’clock follies

57. March 31, 1968 LBJ announces a bombing halt and drops from race.

58. 1965, 80% support for war, after Tet a drop in support, from both Hawks and Doves

59. SDS rallies march on the Pentagon 1967, spring mobilization (War protest) 1968, 
      Moratorium Day 1969.  April 1968 Columbia U. Harlem removal "Gym Crow must 
      go," Mark Rudd, Strawberry Statement. 

60. Draft evaders 300,000 Canada, 10,000 Sweden, 10,000 hiding, 250,000 never
      registered, compare  to troop statistics.

61. Vietnam most  divisive since Civil War, generation gap 26th Amendment (18 yr vote)

62. Debate over loyal support to government in wartime vs. right to protest bad policy

63. Emergence of a counterculture inspired by 	civil rights, war, liberal era
	
64. Long hair, jeans, rejection of conformity, inequity, and poverty amidst prosperity.

65. Sex, drugs, Rock and Roll (WWS).

66. San Francisco Haight-Ashbury 1967-8, hippies (linked to beatniks) apolitical,.

67. 1969 Woodstock Festival, Bethany, NY, disaster at Altamont 1969.

68. 1968 election, E. McCarthy, RFK, Hubert Humphrey all seek Democratic 
       Nomination after LBJ drops, Wallace leaves Dem. (largest third party 	showing with 
       10 million pop. votes, 46 electoral vote.) American Independent Party

69. RFK gained Wisconsin, Oregon, California. LA, June 5, defeated McCarthy but shot 
       by Sirhan Sirhan, why? 

70. Nixon over Humphrey by 500,000 pop. vote, 301/191 electoral.

71. Election campaign pledge of secret plan to end the war (hoax), later Vietnamization 
      Plan (continuation of LBJ policy) but balanced troop withdrawals with increased 
      bombing of the North (Christmas 1972).

72. November 1969 My Lai Massacre (1968) S. Hersh - Abu Grahib

73. Lt. William Calley, Medina-foot. Calley convicted, pardoned by Nixon

74. Decline in moral, drug use, desertion, officer fragging, racial tension.

75. April 30, 1970 U.S. and ARVN invade Cambodia, rekindles war protest.

76. 1970 Kent State, Ohio National Guard, 4 dead, 16 wounded ("Ohio" by Neil Young

77. July 1, 1971, Pentagon Papers leaked to the NY Times by Daniel Ellsberg, former
      Defense Department - secret military history  of Vietnam War, Nixon v. NY Times 

78. Late October 1972 Kissinger meetings with Le Duc Tho, announces a few days 
      before the election "peace is at hand"; after election, talks break down.

79. Talks lapse, Xmas bombing December 1972. 

80. January 27, 1973 Kissinger and Le Duc Tho awarded Nobel Peace Prize, Le Duc 
      Tho declines, why?

81. February 1972 Nixon visits China, meets Mao Tse Tung and Chou En Lai, why?
      Trade and scientific exchange. Realpolitick between Soviets and China

82. 1972 PRC enters the UN, by 1979 U.S. extends full relations with China, Carter.

83. After 1973 inflation worsens, also affected by oil embargo and OPEC price 
      hikes, related to support of Israel, U.S. oil co. collusion? 1979 hikes (time of Soviet 
      invasion of Afghanistan and US hostage crisis in Iran) 2004-2006 hikes ( Iraq War)

84. 1972 election, George McGovern (WWII Bomber Pilot) Liberal opponent of the 
       Vietnam War perceived as radical leftist and tool of extremist left causes.

 85. T. Eagleton and S. Shriver VP.

 86. G. Wallace back to Democrats seeking nomination, shot by Arthur Bremer in 
       Largo, MD.

87. Nixon wins highest popular vote, 46 million to McGovern 28 million, 520 to
      17 electoral, Mass. South Dakota, Wash. DC

88. Watergate Affair, June 17, 1972,break-in Watergate Complex, Howard 
      Johnson Motor Hotel, Washington, D.C., HQ for Dem. National Committee.

89. CREEP, Plumbers (D. Ellsberg) G. Gordon Liddy, E. Howard Hunt, James McCord , 
      John J. Siricia, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, Washington Post, Deep throat 
      (Mark Felt),  H. R. Haldeman, John D. Ehrlichman, John W. Dean, and John 
       Mitchell, L. Patrick gray FBI 
       
90. Senate Investigating committee, Sam Ervin, Alexander Butterfield - White House 
      tapes (7of  9) transcripts, defiance of subpoenas, Howard Baker - “What did the 
      president know and when did he know it?“ Nixon vs. U.S. 1974

91. Special prosecutor Archibald Cox, Sept 1973 “Saturday night massacre” R. Bork -
      Leon Jaworski

92. House Judiciary Committee. 3 articles of impeachment against Nixon: taking part in 
      a criminal conspiracy to obstruct justice, "repeatedly" failing to carry out his 
      constitutional oath, and unconstitutional defiance of committee subpoenas. Nixon 
      resigns on August 9 after the last two tapes show his complicity in the cover-up 
      and the Senates votes are counted to show possible conviction

93 Nixon Pardoned by Gerald Ford

94. VP Spiro T Agnew resigns due to tax evasion and bribery (when MD Governor) on
      October 8,  1973, replaced by G. Ford due to 25th Amendment

95. Nelson Rockefeller becomes VP 1974-1976 for Ford

96. 1975 - Ford - WIN Buttons, Fall of Saigon to North Vietnamese forces Apr. 1975 

97.  War Powers Act 1973 , Henry S. Kissinger, "Shuttle Diplomacy"

98.  "Stagflation" an economy is suffering both from inflation and from stagnation 

99. SALT II Carter Second Strategic Arms Limitations Talks. A second treaty was 
      signed on June 18, 1977 to cut back the weaponry of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. 
      because it was getting too competitive. Set limits on the numbers of weapons 
      produced. Not passed by the Senate as retaliation for U.S.S.R.'s invasion of 
     Afghanistan, and later superseded by the START treaty (Reagan).