U.S. History 	- 1914-1939, World War I, 1920’s-30’s Domestic Affairs  

WWI start as 19th century style conflict but unleash 20th century technological warfare

Four long range causes of war - alliances and secret treaties, militarism, imperial rivalries, nationalism 

1. Triple Alliance - Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy 1882
    Triple Entente - Britain, France, Russia 1907

2. Alliances, Militarism, Imperialism, Nationalism - two kinds: 
    jingoism, self-determination for estranged minorities

3. Balkans, Slavic nationalism, Serbia, Bosnia, 

4. Archduke Franz Ferdinand visit to Sarajevo, assassination June 28, ,1914,
    the Black Hand, Gavrillo Princip

5. Assassination ignites chain reaction of war declarations due to alliances

6. July 28, 1914, Austria-Serbia; July 29 -August 3, Russia, Germany, France
    August 4, England joins after German invasion of Belgium

7. Central Powers  - Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey
    Allies -  France Russia, Britain, Japan, China  by Italy 1915

8. Wilson proclaims neutrality “Neutral in both name and spirit”

9. Support for Central Powers: German-Americans, Irish-Americans

10. Greater support for Allies
     
      Anglo-Saxon culture,
      Similar political systems, 
      fear of German autocracy
      British news propaganda,-Transatlantic 	cable cut,
      invasion of Belgium, submarine atrocities
      loans and munitions trade stronger with the Allies

11. Both sides violate neutral trade British contraband items, German 
      	submarine attacks

12. Submarines vulnerable, violated traditional rules of maritime war

13. May 7, 1915, Lusitanian -Wilson issues demands, R. Lansing replace W.J. Bryan

14. Further sinkings 1915 -1916 (Arabic Oct, 1915, Sussex March, 1916 -pledges)

15. Election 1916, Wilson vs. C. E. Hughes, "He kept us out war,"  
      close race, California

Mission to Europe by Col. Edward House Dec 1916

US entry into War due to three events

16. February 1, 1917, declaration of 	unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany

17. March 1, Zimmermann telegram released to the press by British naval 
      intelligence Offer to Mexico, AZ TX NM  and Japan

18. Further sinkings in March 1917

19. March 1917, first of two Russian revolutions, Nicholas II abdication

20. November 1917, Bolshevik revolt led by  V. I. Lenin, deal Germany for 
      Armistice January 1918, Brest-Litovsk (Allied intervention 1918-1921)

21. April 2-6, 1917,  war declared - "Make the world safe for democracy," 
      "fight the war to end all wars" - Wilson desired to transform a conflict of
	greed to one of a just and lasting peace

      May 1917 Selective Service Act, Council for National Defense - War Industries 
      Board - Bernard Baruch, National War Labor Board - Frank Walsh & Wm. H. Taft

      AFL and IWW and Socialists’ attitude towards the war. 

      Herbert Hoover 1915 Belgian Food Relief, 1917 Food Administrator

22. Financed by income tax and sale of  liberty bonds - silent film star campaign

23. Black migration to the North, factory jobs 

24. Committee on Public Information, George Creel  propaganda, four minute men
      Patriotism then anti-Germanism
  
      Reasons for Midwestern Isolationism (Jeanette Rankin)

25. Suppression of dissent, Espionage Act 1917, Sedition Act 1918, 
      discouraged war policy criticism, paralleled 1798, 1861 protest suppressions

26. Schenk vs. U.S. 1919, Holmes "Fire in a Crowded Theatre" 

27. E. V. Debs, 1920 election million votes in Jail,  Victor L. Berger - Milwaukee Ldr. 

28. January 1918, Fourteen Points

     open diplomacy, 
     freedom of the seas, 
     arms reductions, 
     self-determination, (for national minorities)
     a general	association of nations (14th)

29. AEF General John J. Pershing - Belleau Wood, Muese-Argonne, Chateau-Thierry
      (as of Nov 11, 2006 - 12 WWI veterans still alive)

      1918 Swine flu epidemic - 21Million dead worldwide , 500,000 Americans

30. U.S. involvement turns war to Victory for the Allies

31. November 11, 1917, armistice

32. Wilson goes to Paris 1919 for Versailles Treaty

33. Big Four: Wilson, Clemenceau, Lloyd George, Orlando

32. Differences in war aims of allied leaders, greed for land vs. Fourteen Points
	
33. Rhineland demilitarized, Alsace-Loraine returned to France, 
      German war guilt clause and reparations, later set $33B
      New nations created (see list), Polish corridor Danzig (Gdansk)
      Central Powers’ colonies put under Allied mandate control
      League of Nations salvaged

      Relations with Japan, 21 Demands 1915, Ho Chi Minh attempts to see Wilson

34. Wilson returns to opposition from Republicans over Treaty

35. Fight over League Covenant- Article 10 mutual security,
     Monroe Doctrine and Congress war declaration powers

36. "Reservationists" Lodge,  "Irreconcilables" Borah
	.
37. Wilson refuses compromise. Twice rejected in the Senate

38. Whistle-stop tour in western states, Pueblo, Colorado, Wilson collapses,
      later suffers a stroke (Edith Wilson - president?)

39. 1920 election turns into a plebiscite on the League, J. Cox and FDR vs. 
      Harding and Coolidge, Republican victory "Return to Normalcy" Harding

U.S. History 1920’s Domestic Affairs 

1. 1920 election J. Cox and FDR vs. Harding and Coolidge,
    Republican victory "Return Normalcy" Harding, shift to conservative era

2. Workers strike to demand wage increases to equal price hikes from war-induced
    Inflation - Employer resistance and public suspicion of radicalism

3. 1919 year of labor strikes,  September 1919 Boston Police strike, Massachusetts
    governor C. Coolidge use National Guard to break strike, quote similarities to 
    Reagan, general strike Seattle (Ole Hanson comments) , Steel strike Gary Ind.
    UMW coal strike Penn, John L. Lewis, Unions weakened by strike failures

4. 1919-20 labor unrest associated with Bolshevik revolution, 1917 Russia,
    	triggers Red Scare, Palmer Raids, mass arrests and deportations of alien radicals, 
    IWW Crushed, J. Edgar Hoover 1924 FBI 

5. Harding Cabinet, Hughes, Hoover, Mellon, Budget and debt reduced but size of 
    federal spending and bureaucracy increased, tax cuts for the wealthy, 'trickle down 
    theory”

6. Fordney- McCumber Tariff, 1922 (European retaliation US Agriculture)

7. Harding administration scandals-
    Attorney General H. M. Daugherty, liquor permits,  Charles L. Forbes -Veterans 
    Bureau - Jesse Smith suicide
    Teapot Dome WYO, Elk Hills CA, Fall, Sinclair, Doheny 

8. August 2, 1923, Harding death (at time Teapot Dome revealed)

9. C. Coolidge, taciturn, laissez faire,  "The Business of America is Business"

10. 1924 election Coolidge vs. Davis (Democrat), Lafollette - Progressive Party

Economic Conditions

11. GNP and per capita growth but uneven distribution of wealth

12. Hoover promoted partnership of business and government rather than regulatory

13. Antitrust legislation ignored Clayton Antitrust Act dead, strikes broken with
      court injunctions (decline in Union membership) monopoly growth

14. Child labor and wage laws overturned by Supreme Court (property rights?)
      Adkins vs. Children’s Hospital 1923 -Wash. DC minimum wage law overturned

15. Agriculture depression after WWI, worsened by tariffs European WW1 debts,   
     failure of McNary -Haugen 1927-28

16. "Roaring Twenties" social transpositions:  suburban growth, automobiles, 
      airplanes, radio, movies, 1927 - Lindbergh, Babe Ruth, “The Jazz Singer” 
      Flappers, Tin Lizzies  Model T- Henry Ford Assembly line
    
17. Urban population shift - more in cities than farms (barely)

18. Prohibition, Volstead Act, Speakeasies, organized crime

Era of conservative reaction

19. Immigration restriction
     1921, 3%, 1910 year, 350,000,
     1924, 2%, 1890 year, 150,000, ban on East Asian immigrants

20. Red Scare, unions subdued

21. Sacco and Vanzetti, ACLU 1920, 1927

22. KKK 1915, Birth of a Nation William J. Simmons, W.A.S.P. 
     Political control South and West,  Kokomo, Indiana, rape and suicide

23. Scopes Trial, 1925, Dayton TN, Darrow, Bryan, Menckin

24 Black migration, Harlem Renaissance, James Weldon Johnson, 
    Zora Neale Hurston, Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, 
    Cab Calloway, Louis Armstrong, Cotton Club, Apollo

25. Marcus Garvey, UNIA, Liberia influence on Malcom X 

26. 1928 election, Al Smith (Catholic) - Dem., Hoover- southern and urban vote

27. Stock market crash October 29, 1929

28. J. K. Galbraith, The Great Crash  How the crash led to a depression
      Caused by margin buying, excessive speculation, lack of regulation

29. Market crash triggers depression due to other economic weaknesses.
      Disproportionate concentration of wealth, high profits, low wages

30. Agriculture depressed after 1922 

31. Production outraced consumption due to economic overconfidence
      and inequity of wealth

32. Reckless banking practices

33. Lack of government regulations - excessive laissez faire, judicial defense
      of business property rights over regulations, reluctance of fiscal influence

1930’s Depression - New Deal  

1. Hoover's response to depression

a) Small but increased federal role to combat depression
b) call for voluntary business and community relief measures or plus state and 
    local government assistance  over federal relief
c) Refused direct federal individual relief, laissez faire market economics

2. Hawley-Smoot tariff 1930, hurt not helped farmers and industry by causing 
    boycotts and retaliatory trade wars, world depression

4. RFC loans to businesses and to states, cities for relief projects
	
5. 1932 Bonus March WWI vets, aid rejected by Congress, D. MacArthur 
    drives out remaining vets, Washington, D.C.

	6. 1932 election, Hoover vs. FDR, Garner, New Deal, relief, recovery, reform, 
    Based on John Maynard Keynes theories

7. Democratic wins Congress and Presidency

8. 1933, 20th and 21st Amendment, Lame Duck and repeal of prohibition

9. FDR's inaugural address, March, 1933 - Bank Holiday and Emergency Banking Act 

10. Fireside Chats, radio messages

11. London Economic Conference 1933, FDR devaluation of the dollar

11a. First "hundred days,"  1933 alphabet soup legislation, rubber stamp congress

11b. Emergency Banking Act 1933 “Bank Holiday” nine days (later FDIC) 

12. Civilian Conservation Corp 1933, Public Works Adm. 1933

13. Federal Emergency Relief Act (Adm) 1933

14. Agriculture Adjustment Act, 1933 subsidies, artificial shortages, processing taxes
      paid subsidies - legacy of McNary -Haugen 1927-28

15. Response to the Dust Bowl - J. Steinbeck  Grapes of Wrath   

      Tennessse Valley Authority - Geoerge Norris (Neb) flood control and electric power 
      - Rural Electrification Administration

16. Glass-Steagal Banking Act FDIC (FSLIC)

17. 1934 Securities Exchange Act

18. NlRA, National Recover Act, strict industrial codes, blue eagle, 

19. Rise of the second New Deal-focus on the farmers, unemployed, workers
     response to the thunder on the left and the 1934 midterm elections

20. "Thunder on the Left," Dr. F. Townsend  old age pension plan

21. Charles Coughlin, Radio Priest, annual living wage, 1939 Nazi

22. Huey Long, Louisiana dynasty, "Share the Wealth," “Every Man a King”
      Kingfish, killed 1935 

23. Gerald K. Smith

24. Works Progress Adm. NYA, FAP 
 
25. Social security Act 1935 - Francis Perkins Secretary of Labor

26. Revenue Act 1935 “soak the rich “ tax

27. Brain trust -Rexford Tugwell, Raymond Moley, Jim Farley

28. 1935 Wagner Act NLRA set up National Labor Relations Board evolved from NIRA
      section 7a

29. Supreme Court judicial review on New Deal laws,  Butler case 1935 - AAA,
     Shechter Poultry (Sick Chicken ) Case 1936 - NRA    

30. 1936, Alf Landon vs. FDR , Rep. ME and VT, 523 elec. votes to 8
      dramatic shift in Black vote, New Deal coalition, party realignments

31. 1937, Court Packing plan six new judges, fails, court eases up  with
      West Coast Hotel vs. Parrish 1937, ( a switch in time saves nine) Wm. 
      Vandeventer resigns 

32. John L. Lewis, CIO splits from AF of L 1935-37

33. 1936-37, UAW, GM strike, Flint Michigan

34. 1937, U.S. Steel accepts the Union, little steel holdouts, Republic Strike 1937

35. 1937 recession, WWI spending truly ends depression 1939-40

36. Second AAA 1938, FLSA min. wage, .25, 1938, party purge 1938 elections

37. FLSA min. wage, .25, 1938

38. World war II spending ends Depression (why?)

39. Plusses and minuses of the New Deal

40. Other alphabet soup REA, HOLC, FCA, Indian Reorganization Act 1934 (reverses 
     Dawes Act of 1887), Citizenship 1924, TVA 1933, FCC, 

41. Conservative opponents Al smith , Dupont, Liberty League 

42. 1939 Hatch Act - campaigning and donations restriction on Federal employees