U.S. History  1877-1890
	
Race relations in the South

1. Reconstruction governments (1866 -77) run by Carpetbaggers, Freedmen,
   Scalawags, blunted by KKK and Amnesty Act 1872. 

2. Compromise of 1877, R.B. Hayes over Tilden 1876 election 

3. Return of Redeemers, (Bourbon Democrats) to power, Solid South till 1960‘s
    Republican party vanishes from the south. 

4. Southern continued dependence on cotton agriculture, Industry 10% ratio to 90% in
     the North, similar to prewar conditions, tenant farming, sharecropping (debt 
     entrapment of Freedmen)

6. Black vote switch to Democrats or gradual disfranchisement 1877-1890

7. 1877-1890 racial harmony (not equality), 2nd class status and the influence of
    Booker.T. Washington on avoiding full social equality

8. after 1890's Jim Crows laws &	full political disfranchisement till 1960’s

9. three causes-
    A) psuedo-social science, tuetonic race cult, Nordic WASP race bias 
    B) backlash against the writings and influence of W.E.B. Dubois
    C) the attempt by the Populists party to break the Democratic monopoly

10. belief in Nordic WASP cultural and economic, military superiority, Social
      Darwinism (Herbert George and Wm. Graham Sumner), Euro-Imperialism

11. B.T. Washington- Up From Slavery, Tuskegee Institute Alabama, 
      1895 Atlanta Compromise, immediacy vs. gradualism

12.  W.E.B. Dubois- The Souls of Black Folk, pioneer research on the slave
       Trade, first Ph.D. Harvard by an African-American, 1905 Niagara movement,
       1909 NAACP , Herbert Aptheker, Stanford, Am. Communist party

13. Populists - first multi-racial campaign, later became race baiters led to brutal
      lynching from 1890-1920’s (Michael Richards)

14. Jim Crow laws, literacy tests,  Grandfather laws, poll tax, (14th, 15th Amend.)

15. 1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson "Separate but equal" 14th Amendment,1883 Civil rights cases - dealt with 1875 Civil rights Act, distinguished between “state” and private discrimination, essentially end enforcement of the 14th Amendment until 1950’s-60’s

Factors of post Civil War industrial growth

16. Labor - Civil War vets, European immigrants , contract labor  - Ellis Island 
      NY (complaints of surplus labor driving down wages and unassimilated cultures
      plus willingness to work for low wages - more discussion later)

17. Favorable legislation- high tariffs promoted by the Republican Party (Why   
      Democrats for low tariffs?) -Senate called the Millionaire’s Club - “the senator from 
      Standard Oil”

18. Use of the 14th Amendment to stop monopoly regulatory legislation,   
      Slaughterhouse Case 1873, Due process and “legal entities or persons”

19.  Business consolidation- monopoly - pools, trusts, holding companies, interlocking 
       Directories , leads to 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act

20. RR tycoons-Cornelius and William Vanderbilt, (Gloria Vanderbilt, Anderson 
      Cooper) J. Fisk, J. Gould "Diamond" Jim Brady, J.J. Hill, E.H. Harriman {son-Averill} 

21. "Robber Barrons" or captains of industry, attitudes of commonweal vs. private 
       property rights, disproportionate wealth, buccaneering monopoly capitalism, 

22. Nouveau riche vs., old wealth  "Noblesse Oblige" 

23  steel - , RR rails, Andrew  Carnegie, J.P. Morgan - US Steel 

24. Oil refining,  J.D. Rockefeller - Standard Oil Trust, monopoly consolidation- 
      eliminating chaos and standardizing or “only game in town“ domination, debate 
      over private property rights vs. Commonweal (Gates Microsoft)

25. 1890, Sherman Antitrust Act - “combine, conspire or contract” 

26. 1895 U.S.  vs. E.C. Knight Co., In Re Debs -Pullman Strike

27. business defense of laissez faire vs. government regulation, traditional view of 
      "rugged individualism" (Hoover) and	unfettered free market liberty “rags to riches"
      Opportunities (hypocrisy of' monopoly control & biased legislation & courts)

       Horatio Alger - Dime Novels      

28.  Social Darwinism, H. Spencer, Wm. G. Sumner, “Survival of the fittest,”
       competition brings out cream of the crop, (views of protection of the weak?)

29. A. Carnegie "Gospel of Wealth" North American Review, appeal for philanthropy
       
Rise of organized labor (Unions)

30. American industrial workers slow to organize before Civil War  Industrial revolution follows Europe

A) radical. images of Europe, anarchism - 
B) b)individualism, liberty, property rights vs. collectivism
C) lack of class consciousness (not remain worker, become employer/exploiter)
D) blacklisting union busting, lockouts, scabs, surplus labor weakened bargaining
E) pro-business bias by government use of Pinkertons, 

31. worsening conditions leads to labor class mindedness and the need to consolidate

32. 1869 Knights of Labor "one big Union" skilled & unskilled all races, sexes, creeds
      Uriah S. Stephens, secret order, 1879 T.V. Powderly opened it up, opposed direct 
      action (strikes & boycotts) sought utopian politics, but gained by 1881 	wildcat 
      strikes 1885 Wabash RR Strike

33.  May 4, 1886 Haymarket Square Riot, Mayday, McCormick strike May 3 and 4
        bomb, anarchism, K of L rapid decline

34. 1881, 1886, Samuel  Gompers  AF of L, federated Craft unions, skilled only 
      collective bargaining, direct action, support  for WWI, “Uncle Tom of Labor”

35. 1877 Great Railroad Strike, interstate strike, PA, CA, IL, WVA, Federal Troops
       Fears of European class struggle spreading to America. (Paris Communards)

36. 1892 Homestead steel strike,	Carnegie, H.C. Frick, Pinkertons, Amalgamated
      Association of Iron and Steel Workers, unions crushed in steel industry till 1937 

37. 1894 Pullman Strike, company town, wage cuts and layoffs -Panic of 1893 
      ARU Eugene V. Debs, secondary strike, RMA appeal to Cleveland over J.P.
     Altgeld, injunction, Clarence  Darrow, In Re Debs 1895

38. 1896 Am. Socialist Party, 1906 IWW (Wobblies) formed w/ Big Bill Haywood,   
       Daniel DeLeon, anarcho-syndicalists, Debs leaves

Old and new immigration (for the 19th century) 

39. 1790’s - 1830’s British, French, Irish Scots-Irish, 

40. 1840’s -1860’s German and Irish, 1860 -1890 10 million immigrants from NW 
       Europe, Irish, German, British ,Scandinavian, WASP, Midwest farms

41. 1890-1920 Southern & Eastern Europe, Italian, Russian, Polish, Lithuanian, Jewish, 
      Catholic, ethnic enclaves, differences in assimilation, Ellis Island NYC

42. involved. in the Democratic Party, why? Tools of corrupt machine political bosses
      Only source provider social services, jobs, legal protection, (New Deal impact)

43. Tombstone voting, ballot box stuffing, patronage, Tammany Hall NYC, Tweed Ring 
      Thomas  Nast cartoonist, clean government movement

44. Social Gospel, W. Rauschenbush Christianity and Social Crisis  Washington  
      Gladden, Churches split between poor & rich, Norman Thomas

45. Settlement houses, Toynbee Hall London, Lillian Wald, Henry St. NYC, Jane 
      Addams & Ellen G. Starr, 1889 Hull House, Chicago, assimilation vs. native culture 

46. Chinese immigration 1848 mining, 1868 Burlingame treaty, RR,	Western hostility,
       Workingman’s Party, 1882 Exclusion Act, Angel Island SF

47. field labor to Hawaii, Chinese, followed by Japanese,  then Filipino