U.S. History  1877-1890
	
1. Reconstruction governments run by Carpetbaggers, Freedmen, Scalawags,
    blunted by KKK and Amnesty Act 1872. 

2. Compromise of 1877, R.B. Hayes over Tilden 1876 election 

3. Return of Redeemers, (Bourbon Democrats) to power, Solid South till 1960‘s
    Republican party vanishes in the south even with attempt to create a “Lilly   
    White Republican” party

4. continued dependence on cotton agriculture, Industry 10% ratio

5. tenant farming, sharecropping (debt entrapment of Freedmen)

6. Black vote switch to Democrats or gradual disfranchisement 1877-1890

7. 1877-1890 racial harmony (not equality), 2nd class status and the influence of
    Booker.T. Washington on avoiding full social equality

8. after 1890's Jim Crows laws &	full political disfranchisement

9. three causes-
    A) psuedo-social science, tuetonic race cult, Nordic WASP race bias 
    B) backlash against the writings and influence of W.E.B. Dubois
    C) the attempt by the Populists party to break the Democratic monopoly

10. belief in Nordic WASP cultural and economic, military superiority, Social
      Darwinism (Herbert George and Wm. Graham Sumner), Euro-Imperialism

11.  W.E.B. Dubois- The Souls of Black Folk, pioneer research on the slave
        Trade, first Ph.D. Harvard by an African-American 

12. B.T. Washington- Up From Slavery, Tuskegee Institute Alabama, 
      1895 Atlanta Compromise, immediacy vs. gradualism

13. Dubois - 1905 Niagara movement, 1909 NAACP, The Crisis   

14. Populists - first multi-racial campaign, later became race baiters led to brutal
      lynching from 1890-1920’s

15. Jim Crow laws, literacy tests,  Grandfather laws, poll tax, (14th, 15th Amend.)

16. 1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson "Separate but equal" 14th Amendment
      1883 Civil rights cases - dealt with 1875 Civil rights Act, distinguished 
       between “state” and social or private discrimination, essentially ended all enforcement of the 14th Amendment until 1950’s-60’s

Western Settlement

17. Settlement West of the l00th meridian, challenging - lack of water & wood
      Difference in rate of states entering the union east and west of the Miss R. 

18. rapid settlement due to :
      a) Homestead Act 1862
      b) railroad line extension, advertising, land grants
      c) European immigration & Civil. War veterans seek new life

19. cultural and turf clash with Plains Indians -Comanche, Kiowa, Arapaho, Sioux, Crow

20. dependence on the buffalo1865-15 million, 1885-600

21. reservation system flawed and Bureau of Indian Affairs corrupt

22. Wars arise over buffalo slaughter and boundary disputes

23. 1865 Sand Creek Massacre, 1867 Fetterman’s Massacre

24. 1876 Black Hills Dakota territory, Battle of Little Big Horn, Custer, Sitting Bull,
      Crazy Horse, G Custer

25. 1877 flight of the Nez Perce Chief Joseph

26. 1890 Battle (Massacre) of Wounded Knee, Ghost Dance - Sitting Bull

27. 1887 Dawes Severalty Act 

28. 1924 U.S. Citizenship, 1934 wheeler-Howard Act 	

29. Frederick Jackson Turner - Frontier thesis 1893 (impact on American character
      and culture 1890 census report findings 

30. Republican economic promotion vs. Democratic Laissez Faire 
      1862- Homestead Act, Morill Tariff & Land Act, Pacific Railway Act 1862

31. Transcontinental RR, Credit Mobilier-Union Pacific, scandals, 
      Crocker Corp.-Central Pacific -Hopkins, Huntington, Stanford 

32. Irish, Chinese, labor, Promontory Pt. Utah 1862-1869,

33. California gold 1848-9, Pike's Peak 1858, Comstock Lode Nevada. gold & silver

34. Joseph McCoy, cattle drives, TX Longhorns, Kansas railhead cities 

35. Chisholm, Goodnight-Loving trails

Factors of post Civil War industrial growth

36. industrial minerals- zinc, copper, lead. Iron  -Mesabi range, Minnesota

37. Labor - Civil War vets, European immigrants , contract labor, surplus low wages 

38. Favorable legislation- high tariffs by the Republican  Party -Senate the Millionaire’s 
      Club - “the senator from Standard oil”

40. Use of the 14th Amendment to stop monopoly regulatory legislation Slaughterhouse 
      Case 1873, Due process and “legal entities or persons”

41.  Advanced techniques in production (division of labor) (by 1915 Assembly lines - 
       Ford) larger factories (sweatshops) and mass sales {advertising and transport}

42.  Business consolidation- monopoly - pools, trusts, holding companies, interlocking 
       Directories , leads to 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act

43.. Inventions- Field- Transatlantic Cable, Bell- Tel. A&T protected monopoly why?
       Ritty- Cash register, Sholes- typewriter, Burroughs- adding machine, T. A. Edison 
       1,000 patents, Microphone, phonograph, motion pictures, epitome of American
       dream/myth?" 

44. Horatio Alger- dime novels "rags to riches" stories Luck and Pluck, Ragged Dick

45. Railroads, automatic coupler, air brakes - G. Westinghouse  G. Pullman -sleeping & 
      dining cars- Brotherhood of Pullman Sleeping Car Porters - Asa Phillip Randolph

46. RR tycoons-Cornelius and William Vanderbilt, J. Fisk, J. Gould "Diamond" Jim
     Brady, J.J. Hill, E.H. Harriman {son-Averill} 

47. "Robber Barrons" or captains of industry, attitudes of commonweal vs.
      disproportionate wealth buccaneering capitalist private property 

48. Nouveau riche vs., old wealth  "Noblesse Oblige" 

49.  I.C.C. 1887 regulated -rebates, and short & long haul practices, could only 
       recommend ,  depended on federal court  enforcement ( 1870’s to 1910’s Courts 
       pro-property, anti-regulatory) 

50. 1873 Slaughterhouse case, 1886, Wabash RR case, 1894, E.C. Knight Case, 1895 
       In Re Debs, 1895 Pollack vs. Farmer Loan and Trust, 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson,
       1908 Muller V. Oregon, Lochner vs. NY 1905

51. Armour, Swift, meatpacking industry, use of refrigerator railroad car 

52  steel - H. Bessemer (process). Wm. Kelly- USA, RR rails, Andrew  Carnegie, J.P.
      Morgan - US Steel 

53. Oil refining, 1859 Edwin L Drake, Titusville, Penn.

54. J.D. Rockefeller - Standard Oil Trust, Use of cutthroat competition and vertical and  
      horizontal consolidation- eliminating chaos and standardizing or “only game in 
      town“ domination, debate over private property rights vs. Commonweal

55. 1890, Sherman Antitrust Act - see wording 

56. 1895 U.S.  vs. E.C. Knight Co., In Re Debs -Pullman Strike

57. business defense of laissez faire vs. government regulation, traditional view of 
      "rugged individualism" (Hoover) and	unfettered free market liberty “rags to riches"
      Opportunities (hypocrisy of' monopoly control & biased legislation & courts)

58.  Social Darwinism, H. Spencer, Wm. G. Sumner, “Survival of the fittest,”
       competition brings out cream of the crop, (views of protection of the weak?)

59. Contrary view L. Frank Ward Dynamic Sociology Govt protects & organizes society

60. Edward Bellamy Looking Backward, H D. Lloyd Wealth Against Commonwealth   

61. A. Carnegie "Gospel of Wealth" North American Review, appeal for philanthropy

62. changing view of liberalism -	call for Jeffersonian ends by Hamiltonian means  
      (Herbert  Croly the Promise of America 1910) rising demands for govt regulation

63.  Herbert George Progress and Poverty 1879, single tax on land

Rise of organized labor (Unions)

64. American industrial workers slow to organize before Civil War 1842 Commonwealth 
      v. Hunt, American, Industrial revolution follows Europe

A) radical. images of Europe, anarchism - 1875 Irish Molly Maguires Pa. Mines
B) b)individualism, liberty, property rights vs. collectivism
C) lack of class consciousness 
D) blacklisting union busting, lockouts, scabs, surplus labor weakens bargaining
E) pro-business bias by government use of Pinkertons, 

65. worsening conditions leads to labor class mindedness and the need to consolidate

66. 1866 Wm H. Sylvis NLU organized by skilled craft , sought utopian politics (eight 
       hour day, workman‘s comp, factory safety standards, and workers coops

67. 1869 Knights of Labor "one big Union" skilled & unskilled all races, sexes, creeds
      Uriah S. Stephens, secret order, 1879 T.V. Powderly opened it up, opposed direct 
      action (strikes & boycotts) sought utopian politics, but gained by 1881 	wildcat 
      strikes 1885 Wabash RR Strike

68.  May 4, 1886 Haymarket Square Riot, Mayday, McCormick strike May 3 and 4
        bomb, anarchism, K of L rapid decline

69. 1881, 1886, Samuel  Gompers  AF of L, federated Craft unions, skilled only 
      collective bargaining, direct action, closed shops, Taft-Hartley 1947, union shop
      right to work laws, support  for WWI, “Uncle Tom of Labor”

70. 1877 Great Railroad Strike, interstate strike, PA, CA, IL, WVA, Federal Troops
       Fears of European class struggle spreading to America.

71. 1892 Homestead steel strike,	Carnegie, H.C. Frick, Pinkertons, Amalgamated
      Association of Iron and Steel Workers, unions crushed in steel industry till 1937 

72. 1894 Pullman Strike, company town, wage cuts and layoffs -Panic of 1893 
      ARU Eugene V. Debs, secondary strike, RMA appeal to Cleveland over J.P.
     Altgeld, injunction, Clarence  Darrow, In Re Debs 1895

73. 1896 Am. Socialist Party, 1906 IWW (Wobblies) formed w/ Big Bill Haywood,   
       Daniel DeLeon, anarcho-syndicalists, Debs leaves

Old and new immigration (for the 19th century) (see also 20th century)

74. 1790’s - 1830’s British, French, Irish Scots-Irish, 

75. 1840’s -1860’s German and Irish, 1860 -1890 10 million immigrants from NW 
       Europe, Irish, German, British ,Scandinavian, WASP, Midwest farms

76. 1890-1920 Southern & Eastern Europe, Italian, Russian, Polish, Lithuanian, Jewish, 
      Catholic, ethnic enclaves, differences in assimilation, Ellis Island NYC

77. involved. in the Democratic Party, why? Tools of corrupt machine political bosses
      Only source provider social services, jobs, legal protection

78. Tombstone voting, ballot box stuffing, patronage, Tammany Hall NYC, Tweed Ring 79. Thomas  Nast cartoonist, clean government movement

80.. Social Gospel, W. Rauschenbush Christianity and Social Crisis  Washington  
      Gladden, Churches split between poor & rich, YMCA, Norman Thomas

81. Settlement houses, Toynbee Hall London, Lillian Wald, Henry St. NYC, Jane 
      Addams & Ellen G. Starr, 1889 Hull House, Chicago, assimilation vs. native culture 

82. populations outgrew urban planning, crowding, bad safety and sanitation

83. Subways-Boston, Cable Cars-S.F. EL's Chicago), Skyscrapers, L. H. Sullivan
       Frank Lloyd. Wright - prairie School architecture

88. Chinese immigration 1848 mining, 1868 Burlingame treaty, RR,	Western hostility,
       Workingman’s Party, 1882 Exclusion Act, Angel Island SF

89. field labor to Hawaii, Chinese, followed by Japanese,  then Filipino

90. Realism in Literature- impact of Darwinism & "scientific" thought objectivity without 
       bias Brooks and Henry Adams, Atlantic Monthly, Wm D. Howells, O.W. Holmes
       local color - Clemens,	Henry James, S O. Jewitt,  Brett. Harte

91. Naturalism-Jack London, Theodore Drieser, Hart Crane

92.  Pragmatism- William James, John Dewey- education reform