1848 - 1877 Sectional Division, Civil War, and Reconstruction
1. pre-civil war  economic & political sectional diversification 
2. North- industrial growth needs for labor, capital, transport routes 

3. labor-Eastern farms, Irish & German immigrants 

4. Irish, potato blight and famine 1848, Celtic, Catholic, NE Urban area,
    Democratic Party politics, police work 

5. Germans, European conflicts and revolts stimulates migration, 

    Protestant  & Catholic, large movement to the Midwestern U.S.

6. ability of each group to assimilate due to religion, ethnicity, and wealth

7. financial capital-Calif. gold rush, (plus Nev., Utah, Az.) 
    Change of investment from shipping to Manufacturing
 
8. textile mills, Lowell Mass. Company towns, Samuel Slater 

9. expansion of turnpikes, canals, railroads 90/10 ratio North & South
    railroad lines weld Western and Northern economic interests
 
10. West- commodity crops, sought legislation for free land
 
11. South- dislike for tariffs  and federal RR assistance,
      single crop economy - “King Cotton,”  rigid social structure, slavery, 
      Yeoman and planter classes. Little to no urban or middle class
 
Mexican War reopens question of slavery and newly acquired territories
 
12. D. Wilmot (Penn) Wilmot Proviso 1846 addenda to war
     appropriations bill,  proposed ban on slavery in lands acquired
     triggers sectional debate

13. J.C. Calhoun, 5th Amend due process and property rights 
 
14. North- Missouri Compromise precedent and elastic clause 

15. moderates- L. Cass - Squatter Sovereignty, Stephen Douglas - Popular
     Sovereignty, extension of the 36 degrees 30' line  to the West Coast
 
16. Calif. gold rush 1849- 100,000 desire statehood, no Southern balance
      State ready  Fire-eaters, Nashville convention, threaten secession 
 
17. Compromise 1850-Clay, Douglas, Webster - (7th of March Speech)

18. Omnibus bill 5-parts separate bills 

19. Taylor refuses to sign all parts - dies suddenly (conspiracy?)
      M. Fillmore signs all parts into law

20. a) California enters as a free state
     b) New Mexico & Utah Territories no restrictions on slavery (hint of
         popular sovereignty) 
     c) Texas boundary reduction and $10 Million debts assumed
     d) DC slave trade abolished but not slavery
     e) stricter fugitive law

21. Northern state weaken the Fugitive slave law with Personal Liberty laws

22. Growth of underground RR, Harriet Tubman

23. Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852- H. B. Stowe, stirred abolitionism 

24. 1852 election, Dem -F. Pierce, Whig - W. Scott  Free Soil - J.P. Hale 

25. 1853-54 M.C. Perry opens Japan by force, Kanagawa Treaty 3 issues

26. 1853 Gadsden Purchase $10M AZ RR 31. 1854 Ostend Manifesto - Cuba 

27. 1854-56 Wm Walker filibuster Nicaragua 

28. 1854 Douglas, Kansas-Nebraska Act, popular  sovereignty north of 36-30 line in 
      remainder of Louisiana Territory 

29. Kansas-Nebraska  splits Whig party, but in 1854 leads to Republican party,  fusion
     of: Conscious Whigs, Free Soilers  and Anti-Nebraska Democrats
 
30. 1853-56 Know-Nothing Party (Am. Party) Order of the Star Spangle Banner 
      Nativists, oppose Catholic immigrants (Irish and German)

31. violence erupts in Kansas between pro and anti-slavery  forces, Bleeding Kansas
      Beecher's Bibles New England Emmigration Aid Society

32. raid on Lawrence & retaliation by John Brown,  Pottawatomie Creek May 1856

33. Senate- Andrew Butler Preston Brooks and  Charles Sumner May 1856

34. 1856 election, Dem - Buchanan, Rep - Fremont,  Filmore- Know Nothings (Whigs?) 

35. 1857 Dred Scott case, R.B. Taney Mo. Comp. repealed, 5th Amend view

36. 1858 Lincoln Douglas Debates Illinois Senate race Freeport Doctrine

37. 1859 Harper's Ferry, John  Brown, Robert E. Lee
 
38. 1860 election - four candidates,
      Democrats  - Stephen Douglas, John  C.   Breckenridge
      Constitutional Union party  - John Bell
      Republican - A. Lincoln 

39. Republican Party Platform,  planks
     A) free homesteads
     B) Transcontinental  RR
     C) National Banking Act
     D) higher tariffs
     E)  ban slavery in the territories

40. Despite Lincoln's moderate stand on slavery, his victory triggers Southern 
     secession, extreme emotionalism

41. So. Carolina first to leave in December  1860.  by Feb 1861 all deep south
     LA, TX, MS, AL, FL, GA After Ft Sumter - AR TN NC VA. 

42. CSA- Pres - Jefferson Davis, VP - Alexander Stephens , capitols Montgomery AL 
     then Richmond VA 

43. Buchanan's reaction to secession compared to Lincoln

44. Dec. 1860 Crittenden Compromise - extension of 36 30 line to California
     Fed Compensation of escaped slaves, Constitutional amendment- slavery permanent
     where currently existing, Lincoln rejection of 36-30 line ext.

45. Southern Federal Forts threatened -Ft. Sumter attacked April 12, 1861

46. No. advantages- more population & industry, RR mileage, West-food, central govt. 
      Existing militias and standing armed merchant Marine, naval blockade Anaconda

47 So. advantages- home turf superior military commanders dedication to the cause

48. Lincoln seeking able commanders offer to Lee, goes through Scott,
     McClellan, Pope, McClellan, Burnside,  Hooker, Meade, March 1864 Grant 

49. Anaconda plan rethought after Bull Run July 1861

50. Sept. 1862 Antietam, MD. Basis for issuance of Emancipation Proclamation, 
     Jan. 1, 1863 motives and strategy

51. 4. July 1863, Lee's defeat at Gettysburg, Grant victory at Vicksburg

52. May 1864, Sherman's March , Sept: burns Georgia,  Dec. Savannah “War is Hell"
     scorched earth policy, attacks Carolinas to reach Richmond

53. North Blockades Southern ports: Blockade runners, British Laird Rams
     Alabama Claims $15M  1872 Treaty of Washington

54. 1862 Monitor Merrimanc (CSS Va.) Hampton Roads Va. (Feb 1865 conference) 

55. Grant -siege of Richmond from May 1864 to April  1865, 
 
56. April 9, 1865 Appomattox Court House, Lee surrenders to Grant
 
57. Eng. Sympathies  for North and South (abolitionism  and cotton for textile mills)

58. Trent Affair 1861, Mason, Slidell 

59. Fr.- Maximillian, 1862 Mexico, Benito Juarez

60. Russian fleet visits New York & San Francisco 1861 serfs emancipated

61. Purchase of Alaska $7.2M,  Seward's Folly or Ice Box

62. Northern legislation during absence of Southern Democrats 
      A) Morrill Tariff 1861
      B) Morrill Land Grant Act 1862
      C) Homestead Act 1862
      D) National Banking Act 1863 - stabilizing currency till FRS 1914
      E) Pacific Railway act 1862
      F) Income Tax  1861
      G) Greenbacks issued  1862
      H) Conscription ACT 1863

63. Draft riots NYC 1863 , $300 exemption or hired  substitutes, Rich man's war
      poor man's fight”  (comparisons to Vietnam draft) 

64. Election 1864, McClellan-Dem (peace Dem or Copperheads) 
      Lincoln - National Union Party with Democrat Andrew Johnson from Tenn. 
      "Why change horses in the middle of the stream?“

Reconstruction 1865-1877 

65. 1863 Lincoln 10% plan included ratification of the 13th Amendment (1865)

66. Wade-Davis Bill 1864, pocket  vetoed

67. Lincoln vs. -Radical  Republicans  differences;
      a) degree of harshness, revenge vs. leniency, "With Charity for all and malice 
          Towards none.”    
      b) Lincoln's national reconciliation vs. Rep desire to keep political monopoly
      c) constitutional fight over who has authority to make postwar policy

68. reversed positions of southerners and Radical republicans over secession
      Lincoln felt war was to prove that the South could not leave

69. Thaddeus Stevens  - Penn-State Suicide
      Charles. Sumner-Conquered Provinces

70. April 14, 1865 Lincoln killed by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theatre 

71. Johnson tries to follow Lincoln’s reconstruction policies struggle with Radical 
      Republicans,  Johnson’s  views of (slavery, emancipation, States Rights)

72. Congress refuses to accept Southern states returning to Congress Dec. 1865 
      Implement harsher reconstruction policies

73   Freedmen's Bureau 1866 “fort y Acres and a Mule”  rumors passed over Johnson’s
       veto '2nd bill, override after the Civil Rights bill of 1866

74. Civil Rights bill of 1866 outlawed Southern Black Codes Johnson veto, overridden

75. Provisions included in the 14th Amendment  1868 - citizenship defined,
      restriction of states authority to deny citizens’ due process, equal protection 

76. 15th Amendment,  1872 voting rights - cannot be denied due to race, color, or 
      previous conditions of servitude (1890’s - 1960’s Southern obstructionist tactics)

77. 1867 five military occupation zones over 11 states

78. 1867 Tenure of Office Act -  Johnson fired E.M. Stanton led to 1868 impeachment 
      acquitted but weakened (comparisons to Nixon, Clinton)

79. under federal military occupation widespread disfranchisement , rule by
      Carpetbaggers, Freedmen (former slaves), scalawags
      “Black Reconstruction,” corruption charges, comparison to Tammany Hall NY etc.

80. Public works projects - hospitals, schools, court houses, bridges
      
81. First public schools (for Black and white)

82. Terrorist (insurgency?) actions of Ku Klux Klan against federal occupation

83. KKK (force Acts) 1871, Amnesty act 1872

84. 1868 election Democrat Horatio Seymour : vs. U.S. Grant, Southern Black vote 
      Equals popular vote victory margin 15th Amendment

85. 1872 election Grant vs. Democrat Horace Greely (quote and biography)

86. scandals plague Grant’s 2nd term - Sanborn Contract, Salary Grab, Whisky Ring
      Fraud, Belknab bribes, Black Friday - gold market , Credit Mobilier 1872 (Pacific 
      Railway Act) 

87. 1876 election Republican -  R. Hayes vs. Democrat  S. J. Tilden (Democrats win 
      Popular votes) dispute over 19 electoral votes from LA,FL,SC, (one from Ore.)

88. Election commission 15 members deal leads to Hayes victory & removal of-all 
      Federal Troops in the South and end of Reconstruction